Boussinesq equations that read as follows:
@f{eqnarray*}
-\nabla \cdot (2 \eta \varepsilon ({\mathbf u})) + \nabla p &=&
- -\rho \beta \; T \mathbf{g},
+ -\rho\; \beta \; T\; \mathbf{g},
\\
\nabla \cdot {\mathbf u} &=& 0,
\\
fluid, expressed as the product of the density $\rho$, the thermal expansion
coefficient $\beta$,
the temperature <i>T</i> and the gravity vector <b>g</b> pointing downward. (A
-possibly more intuitive formulation would use $-\mathrm{Ra} \; (T-\bar T)
+possibly more intuitive formulation would use $-\rho\; \beta \; (T-\bar T)
\mathbf{g}$ as right hand side where $\bar T$ is the average
temperature, and the right hand side then describes the forces due to
local deviations from the average density; this formulation is
entirely equivalent if the gravity vector results from a gravity
potential $\phi$, i.e. $\mathbf{g}=-\nabla\phi$, and yields the exact
-same solution except for the pressure which will now be $p-\mathrm{Ra}
+same solution except for the pressure which will now be $p-\rho\; \beta
\;\bar T \phi$.)
While the first two equations describe how the fluid reacts to
time step <i>n-1</i> as
@f{eqnarray*}
-\nabla \cdot (2\eta \varepsilon ({\mathbf u}^{n-1})) + \nabla p^{n-1} &=&
- -\mathrm{Ra} \; T^{n-1} \mathbf{g},
+ -\rho\; \beta \; T^{n-1} \mathbf{g},
\\
\nabla \cdot {\mathbf u}^{n-1} &=& 0,
@f}
-
(\nabla \cdot {\mathbf v}_h, p^{n-1}_h)
&=&
- -({\mathbf v}_h, \mathrm{Ra} \; T^{n-1}_h \mathbf{g}),
+ -({\mathbf v}_h, \rho\; \beta \; T^{n-1}_h \mathbf{g}),
\\
(q_h, \nabla \cdot {\mathbf u}^{n-1}_h) &=& 0,
@f}
-
(\nabla \cdot {\mathbf v}_h, p^{n-1}_h)
&=&
- -({\mathbf v}_h, \mathrm{Ra} \; T^{n-1}_h \mathbf{g}),
+ -({\mathbf v}_h, \rho\; \beta \; T^{n-1}_h \mathbf{g}),
\\
(q_h, \nabla \cdot {\mathbf u}^{n-1}_h) &=& 0.
@f}
<h3>The testcase</h3>
The case we want to solve here is as follows: we solve the Boussinesq
-equations described above with $\kappa=10^{-6}, \eta=1, \mathrm{Ra}=10$,
+equations described above with $\kappa=10^{-6}, \eta=1, \rho=1, \beta=10$,
i.e. a relatively slow moving fluid that has virtually no thermal diffusive
conductivity and transports heat mainly through convection. On the
boundary, we will require no-normal flux for the velocity