* A more interesting example is a situation where the form $F(y', y, t) = 0$
* provides something genuinely more flexible than a typical ordinary
* differential equation. Specifically, consider the equation
- * @f[
+ * @f{align*}{
* u'(t) &= av(t),
* \\
* 0 &= v(t) - u(t).
- * @f]
+ * @f}
* One can combine the two variables into $y(t) = [u(t), v(t)]^T$.
* Here, one of the two variables does not have a time derivative. In
* applications, this is often the case when one variable evolves in
* using the second equation, and would then just be left with the
* equation
* @f[
- * u'(t) &= au(t)
+ * u'(t) = au(t)
* @f]
* which has solution $u(t) = u(0)e^{at}$. But this is, in general, not
* easily possible if the two variables are related by differential
* operators. In fact, this happens quite frequently in application. Take,
* for example, the time-dependent Stokes equations:
- * @f[
+ * @f{align*}{
* \frac{\partial \mathbf u(\mathbf x,t)}{\partial t}
* - \nu \Delta \mathbf u(\mathbf x,t) + \nabla p(\mathbf x,t)
* &= \mathbf f(\mathbf x,t),
* \\
* \nabla \cdot \mathbf u(\mathbf x,t) &= 0.
- * @f]
+ * @f}
* Here, the fluid velocity $\mathbf u(\mathbf x,t)$ evolves over time,
* and the pressure is always in equilibrium with the flow because the Stokes
* equations are derived under the assumption that the speed of sound (at
* Rather than show how to solve the trivial (linear) case above, let us
* instead consider the situation where we introduce another variable $v$ that
* is related to $u$ by the nonlinear relationship $v=u^p$, $p\ge 1$:
- * @f[
+ * @f{align*}{
* u'(t) &= a v(t)^{1/p},
* \\
* 0 &= v(t) - u(t)^p.
- * @f]
+ * @f}
* We will impose initial conditions as
- * @f[
+ * @f{align*}{
* u(0) &= 1 \\
* v(0) &= 1.
- * @f]
+ * @f}
* The problem continues to have the solution $u(t)=e^{at}$ with the
* auxiliary variable satisfying $v(t)=[e^{at}]^p$. One would implement
* all of this using the following little program where you have to recall
* initial values in the form of a vector for $y(0)$, but also for
* $y'(0)$, this is not a common situation. For example, for the Stokes
* equations mentioned above,
- * @f[
+ * @f{align*}{
* \frac{\partial \mathbf u(\mathbf x,t)}{\partial t}
* - \nu \Delta \mathbf u(\mathbf x,t) + \nabla p(\mathbf x,t)
* &= \mathbf f(\mathbf x,t),
* \\
* \nabla \cdot \mathbf u(\mathbf x,t) &= 0,
- * @f]
+ * @f}
* one generally might have an initial velocity field for
* $\mathbf u(\mathbf x,0)$, but typically one does not have an initial
* pressure field $p(\mathbf x,0)$ nor either of these variables' time
* Fortunately, they can typically be computed via the relationship
* $F(t,y,\dot y) = 0$. To illustrate how this can is done, let us
* re-use the nonlinear example from the previous section:
- * @f[
+ * @f{align*}{
* u'(t) &= a v(t)^{1/p},
* \\
* 0 &= v(t) - u(t)^p.
- * @f]
+ * @f}
* If we now impose initial conditions for both variables, for
* example
- * @f[
+ * @f{align*}{
* u(0) &= 1 \\
* v(0) &= 1,
- * @f]
+ * @f}
* then the only change necessary is to create the time stepper via
* @code
* SUNDIALS::IDA<VectorType>::AdditionalData data;