From: Wolfgang Bangerth Date: Wed, 11 Sep 2013 13:13:42 +0000 (+0000) Subject: Small editorial changes. X-Git-Tag: v8.1.0~828 X-Git-Url: https://gitweb.dealii.org/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?a=commitdiff_plain;h=daf553b67083da5ab31600ec2fa6a089f431dd23;p=dealii.git Small editorial changes. git-svn-id: https://svn.dealii.org/trunk@30674 0785d39b-7218-0410-832d-ea1e28bc413d --- diff --git a/deal.II/examples/step-51/doc/intro.dox b/deal.II/examples/step-51/doc/intro.dox index 20c8ed7f91..b9aaeb94d8 100644 --- a/deal.II/examples/step-51/doc/intro.dox +++ b/deal.II/examples/step-51/doc/intro.dox @@ -8,8 +8,12 @@ discontinuous Galkerin method for the convection-diffusion equation. One common argument against the use of discontinuous Galerkin elements is the large number of globally coupled degrees of freedom that one -must solve in an implicit system. For the FE_DGP_Monomial basis, each -scalar solution component is represented by polynomials of degree p +must solve in an implicit system. This is because, unlike continuous finite +elements, in typical discontinuous elements there is one degree of freedom at +each vertex for each of the adjacent elements, rather than just one, +and similarly for edges and faces. As another example, +for the FE_DGP_Monomial basis, each +scalar solution component is represented by polynomials of degree $p$ which yields $(1/dim!)*\prod_{i=1}^{dim}(k+i)$ degrees of freedom per element. Typically, all degrees of freedom in an element are coupled to all of the degrees of freedom in the adjacent elements. The resulting @@ -18,8 +22,8 @@ for systems of equations in dim=2 or dim=3.

Reducing the size of the linear system

To alleviate the computational cost of solving such large linear systems, -the hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) methodology has recently been -developed by Cockburn and co-workers +the hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) methodology was introduced +by Cockburn and co-workers (N.C. Nguyen and J. Peraire: Hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin methods for partial differential equations in continuum mechanics, Journal of Computational Physics, @@ -29,9 +33,9 @@ The HDG method achieves this goal by formulating the mathematical problem using Dirichlet-to-Neumann mappings. The partial differential equations are first written as a first order system, and each field is then discretized via a DG method. At this -point the single-valued ``trace'' values on the skeleton of the -mesh, i.e. element edges, are taken to be independent unknown quantities. -The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map concept then permits the solution procedure: +point the single-valued "trace" values on the skeleton of the +mesh, i.e. element faces, are taken to be independent unknown quantities. +The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map concept then permits the following solution procedure:
  1. Use local element interior data to enforce a Neumann condition on the skeleton of the triangulation. The global problem is then to solve for the @@ -58,21 +62,20 @@ approach similar to step-20, which results in the following two steps: (D - C A^{-1} B) \Lambda &=& G - C A^{-1} F \\ A U &=& F - B \Lambda @f} -The steps in the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map concept hence correspond to +The point is that the presence of $A^{-1}$ is not a problem because $A$ is a +block diagonal matrix where each block corresponds to one cell and is +therefore easy enough to invert. +The coupling to other cells is introduced by the matrices +B and C over the skeleton variable. The block-diagonality of +A and the structure in B and C allow us to invert the +matrix A element by element (the local solution of the Dirichlet +problem) and subtract $CA^{-1}B$ from $D$. The steps in the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map concept hence correspond to
    1. constructing the Schur complement matrix $D-C A^{-1} B$ and right hand side $G - C A^{-1} F$,
    2. solving the Schur complement system for $\Lambda$, and
    3. solving the equation for U using the second equation which uses $\Lambda$.
    -The important ingredient from the linear algebra point of view is that the -matrix A is block-diagonal with block size equal to the number of -degrees of freedom of the interior DG variables which are always only related -to a single cell. The coupling to other cells is introduced by the matrices -B and C over the skeleton variable. The block-diagonality of -A and the structure in B and C allow us to invert the -matrix A element by element (the local solution of the Dirichlet -problem) and subtract $CA^{-1}B$ from $D$.

    Solution quality and rates of convergence

    Another criticism of traditional DG methods is that the approximate fluxes @@ -118,16 +121,18 @@ We multiply these equations by the weight functions $\mathbf{v}, w$ and integrate by parts over every element $K$ to obtain: @f{eqnarray*} (\kappa^{-1} \mathbf{q}, \mathbf{v})_K - (u, \nabla\cdot\mathbf{v})_K - + <\hat{u}, \mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{n}>_{\partial K} &=& 0, \\ + + \left<\hat{u}, \mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{n}\right>_{\partial K} &=& 0, \\ - (\mathbf{c} u + \mathbf{q}, \nabla w)_K - + <(\hat{\mathbf{c} u}+\hat{\mathbf{q}})\cdot\mathbf{n}, w>_{\partial K} + + \left<(\hat{\mathbf{c} u}+\hat{\mathbf{q}})\cdot\mathbf{n}, w\right>_{\partial K} &=& (f,w)_K. @f} -The terms decorated with a $\hat{}$ denote the numerical traces (also commonly referred +The terms decorated with a hat denote the numerical traces (also commonly referred to as numerical fluxes). They are approximations to the interior values on the boundary of the element. To ensure conservation, -these terms must be single-valued on any given element edge $\partial K$. +these terms must be single-valued on any given element edge $\partial K$ even +though, with discontinuous shape functions, there may of course be multiple +values coming from the cells adjacent to an interface. We eliminate the numerical trace $\hat{\mathbf{q}}$ by using traces of the form: @f{eqnarray*} \hat{\mathbf{c} u}+\hat{\mathbf{q}} = \mathbf{c}\hat{u} + \mathbf{q} @@ -155,12 +160,12 @@ TODO: update this equation! @f{eqnarray*} (\kappa^{-1} \mathbf{q}, \mathbf{v})_{\mathcal{T}} - (u, \nabla\cdot\mathbf{v})_{\mathcal{T}} - + <\lambda, \mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{n}>_{\partial\mathcal{T}} + + \left<\lambda, \mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{n}\right>_{\partial\mathcal{T}} &=& - - _{\partial\Omega_D}, + - \left_{\partial\Omega_D}, \\ - (\mathbf{c} u + \mathbf{q}, \nabla w)_{\mathcal{T}} - + <(\hat{\mathbf{c}u} + \hat{\mathbf{q}})\cdot\mathbf{n}, w>_{\partial \mathcal{T}} + + \left<(\hat{\mathbf{c}u} + \hat{\mathbf{q}})\cdot\mathbf{n}, w\right>_{\partial \mathcal{T}} &=& (f, w)_{\mathcal{T}}, \\ @@ -169,6 +174,7 @@ TODO: update this equation! &=& _{\partial\Omega_N} @f} +for all $(\mathbf{v}, w, \mu)$.

    Problem specific data

    @@ -202,4 +208,5 @@ Implementation notes: - WorkStream to parallelize local solvers. Workstream is already used in step-32, step-44. - Reconstructing the trace - Post-processing the solution for superconvergence -- DataOutFaces: direct output of the global solution \ No newline at end of file +- DataOutFaces: direct output of the global solution +